Definition of literature review pdf

Thus, the information gathered from other sources must be synthesized to form a coherent argument as show in diagram 1. Identify issues highlighted. Synthesis Identify consensus Highlight differences and similarities Diagram 1.

In synthesizing information from other sources the following guidelines can be used; i. Compare and contrast different authors view on an issue ii. Move authors who draw similar conclusions iii. Criticize aspects of methodology iv. Note areas in which authors are in disagreement v. Highlight exemplary studies vi. Highlight gaps in research 7 isearchconsult gmail. Show how your study relates to previous work viii.

Show how your study relates to the literature in general ix. Conclude by summarizing what the literature says Analysis the literature obtained is essential for producing a well-coordinated and coherent research study. Carrying out an analysis for a literature review can be a daunting task and thus the following check list can be used to guide this process; i. What is the main idea being put forward?

What are the main points being developed in the idea? What sought of evidence is being used to support the idea? Do you agree with the conclusion? What is the underlining theory? Does it develop a previous model further?

What are the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations in relation to your research? Also headings can be used to define each topic category and subcategory and all issues, ideas, boundaries and relevant area and dimensions must be covered. According to Newman, Weis and McNeil , the Basic components in a literature review include the background information, theory, review of the literature on the instruments and summary. It is important that the literature sources and the key search terms are outlined.

The introduction should include a description of the scope and purpose of the study. Also a brief outline of the organization of the literature review must be presented in the introduction. Since most research has a precedent, an outline of theories relevant to the research must be presented.

In instances where there are no precedents, it will help if key points are integrated from related studies to allow inferences to be made Newman, et al. The Review of literature on instruments section focuses on relevant literature specific to the study. This can be done by examining the most current instruments first and work back from there. At the end of the literature review a summary or conclusion must be included.

This refers to a clear and concise account of knowledge, instruments used and findings from the literature review. It is important that the literature review concludes with a full bibliographical list of all the books, journal articles, reports and websites, which were referred to in the work. Thus, every citation in the text must appear in the reference. According to Cronin, Ryan and Coughlan , one 9 isearchconsult gmail. The review of literature must stick to answering the research question and also there must be a justification of every argument using extracts and illustrations.

It is essential that all sources used in the literature review are properly recorded and referenced appropriately to avoid the incidence of plagiarism. Finally the work must be proof-read. It is also worth noting that literature review is not producing a list of items.

Also it is essential that the contents of the literature to be reviewed are well read and also spelling mistakes or wrong dates of publication are avoided. Crafting the literature review. Strategies for the construction of a critical review of the literature. Nurse Educ Pract 1: 57—63 Colling, J. Demystifying the clinical nursing research process: the literature review. Urol Nurs 23 4 : —9 Cronin, P. The American theoretical perspective, and the emergence of approaches Association of Landscape Architects in emphasized 24 No.

The first in landscape perception3, by merging landscape with formal definitions of the term landscape were proposed philosophical approaches, Tuan, ; Schama, ; by the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in Olwig, ; Lowenthal, Today, the concept of landscape, with its Kolen et al.

Technological advancement and emphasis on public landscapes, encourages research into the advent of computers and applications, modeling and issues of landscape perception, participatory processes, quantification of information led to the emergence of community-based, and promotes the creation of landscape ecology in the s whose aim was protecting practical solutions rather than theoretical and academic the environment5 Reed et al.

Launching the concepts Antrop, Fig. The Environment Organization led to the interdisciplinary explanation of the landscape approach and its principles Fig. The evolution of the concept of landscape and areas of influence after the 15th century.

Source: Authors. Table 1. A classification of the fundamentals and constituent components of the concept of landscape in the views of landscape professionals and thinkers. Landscape as a Aspects emphasized Scholars foundation The landscape concerned about environmental issues Holling, ; approach depends on the analysis of environmental Walters, ; Light, Presenting the models interactions along with the study of social dimensions limiting human intervention in nature and the use of based on the understanding of culture Denevan, ; multifunctional landscapes were also influenced by the Dunning et al.

Holism, physical- development management models in the s, as well mental dimensions, Integration of social, cultural, as the reports of the World Wildlife Fund and Brundtland environmental and The landscape Emphasizing the integrated management, theoretician approach is integrated and creates compatibility between and international associations sought to find stakeholders and land use, especially in the field of management approaches and landscape design Milder conservation and economic development Folke, Hahn, et al.

While Due to its dynamic nature, this approach is a constantly the landscape approach was based on conservation changing and unpredictable phenomenon and requires theory, its development did not require understanding forward-looking preconditions Naveh, However, the landscape preferences of viewers Lawrence, Today, the planning issues has paved the way for the phenomenon landscape approach is achievable in the operational of landscape urbanism in which the priority is given dimension and planning to achieve multiple landscape to environmental processes, the role of man in the goals.

Landscape definitions based on the concepts of space-place, infrastructure, expanded the philosophy of landscape and the landscape sustainable development, process and states, and the approach using this philosophy and its various aspects, procedure of sustainability Angelstam et al. In the this approach is known as a social innovation involving following section, the statements of experts regarding Winter No.

It considers the characteristics, a summary of these statements examines the landscape multifaceted concepts, and basic principles of landscape approach from the three areas of nature, principles, and describes the general characteristics of landscape characteristics, and implementation instructions. Among these, nature with the landscape.

Executive measures can The principles of the landscape approach through the be the awareness of integrated landscape management lens of scholars are expressed in the characteristics based and assessment among local governments and the on the main components of the landscape phenomenon private sectors and civil society actors, monitoring and human, environment, and the relationship between man evaluation, organizational actions and legal means of and environment and a set of plans, macro-management protection, the agreement between stakeholder interests policies that are introduced to put theoretical Fig.

Landscape approach resulting from the implementation of the landscape conceptual framework. Extracting and explaining the principles of landscape approach through the lens of foreign scholars. Source: Authors, Researchers and theorists Stated principles 1. Adapting large areas to management needs and challenges 2. Multi-level and multi-sectoral cooperation of stakeholders Axelsson et al.

Understanding sustainability and commitment to it landscape approach with five main features 4. Integrated knowledge production 5. Sharing experiences, results, and information to develop local knowledge 1.

Continuous learning and adaptive management 2. Common concern for getting into the issue Sayer et al. Multiple scales Ten Principles of Landscape Approach for 4. Multi-functionality Adaptation of Agriculture, Conservation 5. Multiple stakeholders and Land Use used by Gray, Henninger, 6. Clarification of rights and responsibilities dryland 9. Resilience Strengthening the capacity of stakeholders 1. Planning, managing, and supporting activities landscape scale introduction of an integrated landscape 3.

Coordination between activities, policies, or investments at the level of approach as a project, program, or set of governmental and non-governmental organizations being interdisciplinary actions. Adaptive management and collaboration in the context of social learning participation 1. Multicenter rule Principles of the landscape approach for 4. Negotiation of multiple stakeholders analyzing natural resource management plans 5.

Capacity building Freeman et al. Multipurpose A review of 43 articles and presentation of 2. Interdisciplinary or interdisciplinary conceptual framework and principles and 3. Stability guidelines in theoretical-descriptive literature 4. Participation from a socio-ecological aspect 5. Complexity Reed et al. Evaluation and monitoring A review of 13, articles, written 2. Development of management structures documents, websites of 30 research 3. Solutions appropriate to the goals and context organizations, and introduction of five key 4.

Stakeholder participation and negotiations aspects of the landscape approach. Dynamic processes for random and unpredictable changes 1. Preliminary assessment of risky landscapes 2. In-depth analysis of stakeholders International Wetlands Conservation 3. Participate to analyze the problem and the solution in-depth Seven Steps in utilizing a landscape approach 5. Participatory-practical planning to reduce disaster risk 6.

Participatory implementation 7. Promoting adaptive management 1. Based on ecosystem 2. Multiple geographical scales Scheyvens et al. Multipurpose the landscape approach to protect, enhance and 4. Resilience develop the ecosystem and its services in Asia 5. Participatory process and the Pacific 6. Using knowledge and its continuous production 7. Adaptive management 1. Based on location 2. Multipurpose Arts et al.

Stability Landscape as a border concept and has 7 4. Participation convergent features 5. Engage with the community 6. Joint planning 7. Interdisciplinary Winter No. Gray et al. In common approaches, Scope of definition: The term landscape refers to an decisions made in one section have not considered the objective matter and is limited to sensations as of results in other sections, but the landscape approach, surroundings, natural environment, geographical instead of imagining an endpoint for the project, location, plots of land or it is a matter dealing with considers it as an iterative process of negotiations, human perceptions and minds, culture, history, and testing, and compliance.

Accordingly, the landscape society. The landscape approach desperately requires Status of viewers: Emphasizing the role of man, his sufficient resources, full stakeholder participation, and activities, and the way he intervenes in the environment long-term flexible programs for dynamic social and when it comes to the material dimension the viewer environmental landscape projects Sayer et al.

Discussion The difference between the concept of landscape and the landscape approach lies in theoretical and practical perspectives. Landscape is a phenomenon resulting from the interaction between man and the environment in a temporal-spatial context.

However, the landscape approach is based on the conceptual framework of the landscape and it deals with making processes and practical strategies, methods and techniques of analysis, and management.

Landscape approach and its three components. The other items listed Summarizing and synthesizing the findings in the in Table 2 are planning and strategies intermediatory landscape approach: From a practical point of view, lack process appropriate to these characteristics. Therefore, there is no of the landscape approach and the challenges of its single landscape approach with a fixed concept and advancement, the operationalization of the landscape different principles and actions are presented based on approach can occur through two processes: 1 planning- different frameworks.

Accepting pluralism for greater policy-making mediation process and 2 decision- flexibility and adaptability can help to better define the implementation. Planning-policy-making is a multifunctional process Based on the findings of this study, the landscape aimed at achieving multiple landscape goals in a approach is a three-part structure consisting of 1 temporal-spatial context with the integration of social, conceptual nature, 2 principles and characteristics, 3 environmental, and economic aspects in the form of process and guidelines Fig.

The approach explains professionals engaging in multidisciplinary approaches the relationship between man and the environment. At aspects, the landscape approach introduces new the same time, the expression of common principles dimensions to solving problems.

Thus, the landscape by scholars does not mean providing a consistent and approach derives its nature from the commonalities comprehensive version for solving complex challenges and differences of definitions in the areas of context, and setting policies Gray et al. Therefore, intervention, and the resources available in the policy-making based on the landscape approach requires environment.

This nature depends on the definition of a comprehensive vision, taking into account the needs of the intervener from the landscape. This can occur by With the introduction of the landscape approach defining a supervisory role for them, context-oriented to natural-human systems and its evaluation and management, creating sufficient capacity to adapt and identification, various features of the human relationship adapt to different conditions and future planning.

These with the environment are revealed. The recurrence of points indicate the complexity and versatility of the these characteristics will lead to the extraction of the landscape approach. According to Table 2 decision-implementation process includes practical 2, the principles defined by scholars for the landscape actions and implementation guidelines that lead to the approach are a combination of their characteristics and advancement and operationalization of the goals of the strategies.

Some of the principles are specific and some landscape. Adherence to a single definition of planning are political and strategic, and this lack of classification Johnston, starts from the conceptual aspect and has caused confusion in examining the principles of this moves to implementation of guidelines, organizational approach.

The findings of this study indicate that the support, integrated management and planning, resource features presented in Table 2 consider the multifaceted provision, utilization of expertise, performance analysis, concepts and basic principles of the landscape and, of course, acceptance of landscape dynamics approach and describe the general characteristics of the to adopt long-term strategies. They are a landscape landscape concepts and their attributes, while policies approach.

Conclusion - Its characteristics and principles are holistic, Given the wide range within which the conceptual multifunctional, multiscale, interdisciplinary, participatory, landscape fall, it is difficult to provide a singular, and dynamic ecological-social , complexity, and location- common definition for this concept. The landscape sensitive, which affects the management process and approach can be expressed in different ways, based on involve multiple stakeholders. At the same and characteristics of the landscape approach, such time, commonalities between different approaches as integrated, adaptive, participatory, contextual, can be established.

The landscape approach is a and resilient management and planning. This approach can have raised theoretical controversy, those differences in be considered as a tool for macro-scale development view points can lead to the development and refinement goals in which environmental-human data is gradually of the landscape approach; after the implementation transformed into concepts, principles, programs and process through incessant analysis of performance and policies, practical actions, and guidelines.

The landscape monitoring , it can provide solutions tailored to the approach is the applied aspect of the definitions of challenges in the context, content and can address the landscape theory, which includes three components of needs of communities.

This issue requires interactions conceptual nature, principles and characteristics, and between the both experts and researchers and needs the the management process: integration of ideas and solutions in the form of long- - Its conceptual nature is the outcome of identifying term processes. Analytical process and categorization of landscape concept and landscape lpproach from theoretical to operational level, and the interrelations of their components.

This issue became more prevalent in Britain and Ireland. Perspective has three meanings: point of view, view of the 5. European schools and North American schools, each separately problem from an individual and collective point of view, and and with a different perspective, developed the discipline of view of the problem from a practical and theoretical perspective, the landscape.

European schools took a holistic approach and ie the difference of view in terms of being pragmatic and realistic anthropological perspectives, focusing on the concept of landscape Malekian, At this time, the cultural landscape gained a great deal of Integrated natural resource management; Integrated conservation dominance compared to ecological concepts. Geographer and development projects; and forest landscape reconstruction.

Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge Nature; Contemplation of the Representative Role of Natural Elements generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Paris: Hazan. The Evolution of the Concept of Landscape from Renaissance. Nazar, 14 57 , Values in urban landscape design. Thinking through Landscape A. Feenberg- University of Tehran. Dibon, Trans. NY: Routledge. Landscape ecology and air pollution. Tysiachniouk, M. Model forests in Russia as Goigel Turner ed.

The choice of innovation policy , Chang, 80 8 , — NY : Routledge. Kam, S. Outlook Opdam, P. Landscape approaches: a state-of-the-art review. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42 , UK: Johansson, K. Sustainable development and sustainability: IUCN.

Landscape Ecol. The dialectic imagination. Sustainability, 9 8 , By symbolic I mean that the literary language has to have at least partly patterned language, figurative speech and so on. In my view, the language of the literature must be written by highly metaphorical and symbolic language. This creative language since the literary books are not written for a specific time or a special generation of readers, they will lose their effect on their readers if they were written in literal language.

The metaphorical and symbolic language will make the literary texts immortal and every new generation will understand the literature in way that is totally or slightly different from the generations that is before and after it. The figurative language that used by literary texts will not only have special effects on the generation but also will allow every individual within same community has his own understanding for the literature that s he reads.

This does not mean that other literal language i. Literature has to deal with human life by using of the writer's imagination to shed led on the sides that cannot be recognize by the scientists.

That means the scope of literature in describing the human life is wider than the scientific scope. If the text describes the life from a realistic perspective, it will be scientific text while if the text uses the science and imagination to depict the life that means it is literature.

This because of the fact that the ability of imagination in human beings is greater than the mental ability.